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Showing posts with label Geology Department. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Geology Department. Show all posts

Tuesday, March 31, 2015

Research and Writing in the Sciences, or Rob Jacob Communicates From a Glacier

Rob Jacob, Assistant Professor, Environmental Geophysics and Hydrology, Department of Geology
Writing is a chore. Writing for a geophysical audience about research to be published as a manuscript is not meant to be the fun part. Developing the idea for the research, honing your skills within new and diverse areas of science, developing equations using physical laws in order to predict an expected outcome, collecting data in spectacular locations, analyzing/interpreting the data to develop the results, and comparing the results to the expected outcome – all of this = excitement, fun, and constant enjoyment.  In order to communicate my findings with my colleagues in science, it is critical to write.  Hence, when I am in the final stages of the gratifying research process, writing begins in my head, with short notes, maybe even sentences, expressing thoughts toward the final manuscript.  The key for me is simple: 1) do not stop writing, 2) carve out 6+ hours to write, and 3) fake a deadline.  I write best when I have enough time to formulate coherent thoughts and when I’m under pressure - or at least I write under pressure.  When I’m not under pressure or have only a short amount of time, I plod along, writing quick notes and only portions of the complete manuscript, or I switch to a new project in order start the next thrill ride. 

Currently, I am on the west coast of New Zealand working on data collection during the day and data analysis/interpretation at night to examine the subsurface of an unexplored glacial feature - icy debris fan - that stores and translates material to the rapidly retreating glaciers.  In addition to this "cool" research, I am writing this blog (and giving myself a deadline of tonight), and have several other active projects in various stages of the writing process.  Several are in the late intermediate period, where data has been collected and analysed (yes, in Kiwi - and British - you spell this with a "s"), and I return to each in short (<20 min) intervals and write down notes or different ways I can rephrase aspects. I have one manuscript in final stages of publication, and the next manuscript in the queue is waiting for a solid block of dedicated time.  

In addition to my three listed tricks, I provide students who conduct research with me or are looking to improve their writing process several further suggestions: 1) write early, write often, don't delete - just make a new version until you have fleshed out the particulars, 2) READ OUT LOUD. Ideally, you do this step a couple weeks after finalizing a draft – my short term memory will insert words that aren't there if I read a draft silently or when it is too fresh in my mind.  I have to read out loud or the writing will be rubbish - or close to it.

Every form of communication is important, but the more I gain experience communicating to clients, students, colleagues, administrators, the public, and my children, the more I realize that writing is different.  Writing is expected to be polished, not abbreviated or left unclear. Eventually, as you gain experience/ voice, even your spoken words are expected to be polished. And the best way I have been able to improve my ability to speak in front of an audience (such as a class or some clients looking for an underground storage tank or sinkhole) is by improving my written communication.    


Wednesday, August 27, 2014

Xiaoying Pu '17 writes about the possibility of using freshwater mussels to monitor water contamination related to gas shale


Xiaoying Pu ’17 (right) and Sean Reese, Aquatic Biologist with Bucknell’s Environmental Center, collecting freshwater mussels.  Advised by Prof. Carl Kirby, Xiaoying examined freshwater mussels as possible biomonitors for barium and strontium associated with flowback water from hydraulic fracturing.  

What writing project are you working on right now?

This summer I have been doing research in the Geology Department with Professor Carl Kirby. It is a feasibility study on using freshwater mussels to monitor possible contamination by barium and strontium. These elements have very high concentrations in flowback water, one of the many environmental concerns from Marcellus Shale gas development in the area. I analyzed for barium and strontium concentrations in mussels’ annual shell layers. The report that I am working on is a summary of the field and lab work; I am also trying to discuss whether the chemistry in mussel shells could be interpreted as a temporal record of water chemistry, thus the bio-monitoring aspect.

What do you love about it?

I was very excited to be part of this project right after my freshman year, and learned everything about mussels and much more from scratch. Using freshwater mussels for flowback monitoring would be a novel approach, and I have been curious to see how it would work out. Only after I looked into the records did I realize how little we actually know about river water quality and these benthic animals. Also, this report has been something very different for me, because part of the materials includes my own observations and data.

What about it (if anything) is driving you nuts?

Since I was trying to correlate elemental concentrations in mussel shells to water chemistry records through time, I hoped to be able to determine which growth ring in the shell layers corresponds to which year. After digging around in the literature, it occurred to me that it is not conflicting opinions that were frustrating, but  confident claims that a certain method would work, while the specimens that I had suggested otherwise. Ultimately I decided that the best thing to do was to simply write down my observations and avoid over-interpretation.

How would you describe your writing process?

Though a ten-week research project seemed to be long, I was advised to begin writing from day one. I had an outline at an early stage, and then I made the figures and tables as I gathered data. These preparations were very functional in planning to write and in the actual writing. When I was not dissecting mussels or doing something else, I wrote the body of the report section by section.

What kind of feedback on your writing do you find most helpful?
Besides the report I also did a poster presentation. When talking to people outside the project, I was constantly surprised at how to-the-point some of their questions were. The interest in shale gas and mussels also confirmed the significance and promise of my project.

What would you like students to know about you as a writer?

As a true novice in scientific writing, I feel so lucky to find it rewarding and meaningful, and I look forward to future challenges.


Bio: Xiaoying Pu '17 majors in Computer Science and Engineering. Her hometown is Shanghai, China.